Hypertension is one of the most common pathologies of the cardiac sphere, which is currently diagnosed with every third resident of our planet aged 45 years. In recent years, the disease has become much younger and now often among the number of patients with hypertension you can see many young people with high pressure. The main danger of the pathological condition lies in its complications. GB can lead to heart attack and stroke, cause the aneurysm of the main vessels to break down, cause the development of grossly impaired renal function and a sharp deterioration of vision quality.
Human blood pressure has upper, heart rate or systolic value, as well as diastolic pressure or a lower, renal level. According to WHO standards, the norm of these indicators should be no more than 139/89 mm Hg. Art. Otherwise it is customary to talk about hypertension. Early diagnosis and timely treatment of hypertension - a person's chance of preventing pathological changes from many internal organs that will maintain health and enjoy full life for many years.
Reasons
Unfortunately, modern medical science has not yet been able to fully resolve all the likely causes of hypertension, but most of them are known to doctors. To identify which factor has led to the development of the disease, only an experienced specialist who, in the process of diagnostics, uses not only his knowledge, but also the results of numerous studies confirming or refuting the presence of signs of hypertension in a person.
The main reason for the growth of blood pressure is a violation of the activity of the sympathetic-adrenaline system of a person, that is, the constant irritation of the center responsible for narrowing the vessels in the brain.
This can happen under the influence of numerous EXO, as well as endogenous factors that contribute to the sudden observance of blood vessels.
Symptoms of hypertension can occur in people with such exogenous factors at risk of developing a pathological condition:
- frequent tensions and severe nervous tension;
- malnutrition;
- A sedentary lifestyle;
- irregular working day, work on night shift;
- regular consumption in large quantities of strong alcohol and smoking;
- medicines;
- Intensive sports.
Among the endogenous factors, age and poor heredity come to the fore when the disease can move from parents to a child. Also, the development of hypertension contributes to:
- vascular lesions atherosclerosis;
- obesity;
- Metabolic diseases, more special, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism;
- Kidney disease;
- increased levels of calcium and sodium in the blood;
- Hormonal changes, which are the most common cause of high pressure in women during pregnancy and menopause.
Classification
There is currently more than one classification of hypertension. The disease is usually distinguished by the nature of the course, the presence of complications, the causes of development, the pressure indicators and many more.
Modern cardiologists distinguish several degrees of hypertension (depending on high pressure indicators):
- 1 degree pressure rises to 159-140/99-90 mm Hg. Art. ;
- 2 degrees of the arrows per mechanical tonometer, an indicator of 179-160/109-100 mm RT was diagnosed. Art. ;
- 3 degrees - a resistant or periodic increase in pressure above 180/110 mm Hg. Art.
According to the generally accepted CHOS classification, there are such stages of the disease:
- Stage 1-Transient increase in pressure without damage to the target organs;
- 2 stages - the presence of signs of damage to the internal organs, among which the main purpose is the heart, blood vessels, eye structures, brain and kidneys;
- Stage 3 - a steady increase in blood pressure against the background of the development of complications from which a person can die.
Hypertonic disease has its own types of currents, including:
- A benign type or slow version of GB when the symptoms of pathology develop very slowly, for decades and the risk of complications is evaluated at a minimum;
- A malignancy that records acute pressure jumps are recorded lesions of target organs and frequent hypertensive crises (this version of the disease is difficult to occupy drug therapy).
Symptoms
The disease at the initial stages of its development is almost asymptomatic, which complicates its early detection. In such patients, increased pressure may be found accidentally when undergoing a physical examination or during the usual intake in the clinic.
A more complex type of hypertension characterizes a number of functions that significantly impair the quality of life of a person and are the reason for his appeal to specialists. The main symptom of the disease is an increase in blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. Art. This condition provokes the development of headaches that result from narrowing the reflex of the vessels of the brain. As a rule, persons predisposed to hypertension complain about the onset of pain in the typical and temples, which is throbbing, which is distinguished by their severity and sudden development. Such pain and pulsation do not pass after the administration of analgesic agents.
Often, hypertension feels a solo dizziness, which can arise after simple work. The symptom is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, as well as general malaise due to an increase in intracranial pressure. The narrowing of the vessels of the hearing aid causes noise in the ears when it seems that a person is that his ears are very laid, and he actually loses his ability to usually perceive the sounds of the environment.
Disruption of coronary blood flow leads to the development of myocardial ischemia. Such patients have shortness of breath and pain in rags that are good for nitrate correction. The organ at this time was working in an improved mode so that it could press the blood batch in the narrow vessels of the trunk. Each attack of angina is accompanied by a rapid pulse, a pronounced palpitations and risks such a great complication of a pathological condition to occur as a myocardial infarction.
Hypertension determines the impaired eyes of the eyes with a sharp deterioration of vision and the development of hypertension angiopathy of the vessels of the retina. The eye bottom is also involved in the pathological process, which swells and presses the visual nerve. At that time, one noted "goosebumps" in front of his eyes, darkened circles and the like.
Complication of high pressure symptoms in women most often occurs during menopause when menopause occurs. During this period, a hormonal restructuring with a violation of the production of biologically active substances that control the normal level of pressure occurs in the body of a representative of theTherefore, hypertension is the most common consequence of menopause among women.
Complications
GB refers to the number of insidious diseases that slowly progress and are very often diagnosed at the stage of the first complications of the pathological process. With a constant increase in blood pressure in the target organs, dystrophic and sclerotic changes are performed, leading to gross impaired functionality. First, the kidneys, the brain, the heart, the visual analyzer and the blood vessels suffer from arterial hypertension.
There are several risk factors that affect the degree of development of complications with hypertension and the degree of their severity:
- bad habits, especially smoking;
- A sedentary lifestyle and an increased body mass index;
- elevated blood cholesterol and hyperglycemia;
- frequent tensions;
- potassium and magnesium deficiency in the body;
- Age -related changes;
- Hereditary predisposition.
In hypertension, the heart is forced to work in high load conditions, which is associated with the need to push blood into narrow vessels. Over time, the myocardial wall thickens and in a person there is hypertrophy of the left ventricle and fasting of the oxygen of the heart muscle.
On the side of the heart, there are several types of complications of hypertension:
- ischemic disease;
- Angina pectoris;
- atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels;
- acute form of heart failure in the form of myocardial infarction;
- Chronic heart failure.
The high blood pressure levels cause the appearance of brain disorders in a person, which in practice manifests itself in severe dizziness, headache, ears, reduction of memory and others. There are several options for complex brain complications of hypertension:
- encephalopathy with vestibular disorders;
- ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke;
- Cognitive disorders of brain activity.
As you know, the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body. But with an increase in blood pressure, they can fully do their main work. This contributes to the emergence of a number of complications, including:
- Renal damage;
- impaired filtration and fluid release function;
- nephrosclerosis.
Such disorders lead to the development of a number of symptoms in hypertension that show pathology of the kidneys. A sick person begins to complain of general weakness, malaise, appearance, unreasonable nausea.
Eye damage is manifested by the appearance of hemorrhages in the retina, swelling of the optical disc and progressive loss of vision. On the part of the peripheral vessels with arterial hypertension, the most stupid complication is the stratification of their wall, more special, the famous aorta aneurysm, which is formed and proceeds, often causing a sudden fatal result.
Diagnostics
The diagnosis of GB by establishing the stage and the degree of development of the disease is an important step towards the appointment of adequate treatment of the pathological condition. Therefore, when the first signs indicate that it shows hypertension, you should contact a medical institution immediately to understand the causes of increased pressure and methods for its correction.
A complex of diagnostic measures in case of suspicion of hypertension includes a number of laboratory and instrumental studies, including:
- Laboratory blood test that allows you to determine the level of potassium and magnesium, creatinine, harmful cholesterol, glucose and the like;
- biochemical urine examination by determining the amount of protein;
- Electrocardiography (ECG);
- Ultrasound examination of the heart;
- Doppler flomery;
- Checking the bottom of the eyes.
The hypertension diagnostic procedure, which allows to determine the degree of disorders, consists of two stages:
- The first stage is the determination of the clinical manifestations of the disease from the words of hypertension and obtaining the results of additional studies;
- The second stage is a special study that allows you to determine the exact degree of the disease and the presence of its complications in the patient, using magnetic resonance therapy (MRI) or X -ray examination.
Daily monitoring of blood pressure allows the accurate picture of the course of the disease. Thanks to it, you can set the scope of pressure fluctuations throughout the day and determine its average indicator, which will characterize the degree of hypertension. The main disadvantage of such a study is its high price.
Treatment
Treatment for exacerbation of hypertension should occur at a cardiology hospital, where there is a possibility of constant control over blood pressure levels. In addition, if necessary, the doctor may change the patient's therapeutic plan and prescribe more effective drugs in each clinical case.
They begin to cure the disease with the appointment of a special diet that strictly restricts the salt of the table, fat and fried dishes, as well as quarans, smoked meats, flour products. Hypertonic nutrition is aimed at improving the general condition, preventing the development of edema, normalizing weight and the like.
Under the new European recommendations, the treatment of GB should be exhaustive and should include a number of medicines whose effect is aimed at reducing blood pressure and eliminating the risks of transformation of the disease into a malignant version of its course or the development of complications of the pathological state. Among the most used groups of hypertension drugs should be distinguished:
- alpha-blockers;
- Ganglocautors;
- ACE inhibitors;
- beta-blockers;
- calcium channel blockers;
- diuretics.
The doctor pays particular attention to the appointment of diuretics. The fact is that not every diuretic is safe for the body of hypertension because of its potassium washing properties. Therefore, the use of such drugs should be combined with the use of potassium preparations under the control of the biochemical composition of the blood. In addition, diuretics not only reduce pressure, but also eliminate tissue swelling by separating excess sodium.
It is strictly forbidden to treat hypertension independently.
It is also not recommended to use hypotensive medicines for traditional medicine without coordinating similar use with the attending physician. Forbidden action, as a major contraindication, can cause an emergency hypertensive crisis and the need for the patient's immediate place in a specialized hospital to clarify the causes of the complications and to resolve the issue of the more current tactics of their elimination.
Prevention
In order to prevent hypertension, it is necessary to undergo a set of measures aimed at the timely detection and elimination of the risks of the development of a pathological condition, as well as stabilizing already increased pressure. In order to prevent the first signs of the disease, one must normalize their lifestyle, give up bad habits and consumption of salt, increase their physical activity, and also lose weight. Particular attention should be paid to potential patients, with the risk of developing hypertension hereditary. This category of people should always be available to measure the pressure at which they can monitor its condition.
The occurrence of blood pressure disorders can be warned if:
- Lead an active lifestyle (medical physical education, fitness, massage, walking with clean air, skiing, swimming in the pool) and regularly train in the gym;
- abandon harmful food, smoking and do not drink alcohol;
- Reduce the use of salt to 3-4 g per day;
- Forbid you to eat foods high in animal fat, preservatives, cholesterol;
- Observe a clear daily routine and practice full sleep;
- preventing excess fat that causes obesity;
- preventing stressful situations;
- regularly undergoes a preventive examination by a cardiologist and takes the necessary tests;
- When the first signs of an increase in the pressure appear, seek medical attention immediately.
The persons who have inherited the tendency for hypertension should be careful about their health, exercise and regularly examine. The finished diagnosis of GB implies dispensary monitoring of patients and, if necessary, send them to the committee to detect damage.
